{"slug":"mauna-loa-co2","name":"Atmospheric CO₂ — Mauna Loa Annual Means","agency":"NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory","source":"Keeling Curve, Mauna Loa Observatory","category":"Climate","sourceUrl":"https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/","rawUrl":"https://gml.noaa.gov/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2/co2_annmean_mlo.csv","license":"Public domain (U.S. Government work, 17 U.S.C. § 105)","units":"ppm (micromol per mol, dry air)","description":"Annual mean atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration measured at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii — the longest continuous record of atmospheric CO₂, begun by C.D. Keeling in 1958.","status":"archived","retrievedAt":"2026-07-02T01:01:07.749Z","rawFile":"/datasets/mauna-loa-co2.csv","jsonFile":"/datasets/mauna-loa-co2.json","timeframe":"1959–2025","columns":["Year","CO₂ (ppm)","Uncertainty (ppm)"],"rowCount":67,"rows":[[1959,315.98,0.12],[1960,316.91,0.12],[1961,317.64,0.12],[1962,318.45,0.12],[1963,318.99,0.12],[1964,319.62,0.12],[1965,320.04,0.12],[1966,321.37,0.12],[1967,322.18,0.12],[1968,323.05,0.12],[1969,324.62,0.12],[1970,325.68,0.12],[1971,326.32,0.12],[1972,327.46,0.12],[1973,329.68,0.12],[1974,330.19,0.12],[1975,331.13,0.12],[1976,332.03,0.12],[1977,333.84,0.12],[1978,335.41,0.12],[1979,336.84,0.12],[1980,338.76,0.12],[1981,340.12,0.12],[1982,341.48,0.12],[1983,343.15,0.12],[1984,344.87,0.12],[1985,346.35,0.12],[1986,347.61,0.12],[1987,349.31,0.12],[1988,351.69,0.12],[1989,353.2,0.12],[1990,354.45,0.12],[1991,355.7,0.12],[1992,356.54,0.12],[1993,357.21,0.12],[1994,358.96,0.12],[1995,360.97,0.12],[1996,362.74,0.12],[1997,363.88,0.12],[1998,366.84,0.12],[1999,368.54,0.12],[2000,369.71,0.12],[2001,371.32,0.12],[2002,373.45,0.12],[2003,375.98,0.12],[2004,377.7,0.12],[2005,379.98,0.12],[2006,382.09,0.12],[2007,384.02,0.12],[2008,385.83,0.12],[2009,387.64,0.12],[2010,390.1,0.12],[2011,391.85,0.12],[2012,394.06,0.12],[2013,396.74,0.12],[2014,398.81,0.12],[2015,401.01,0.12],[2016,404.41,0.12],[2017,406.76,0.12],[2018,408.72,0.12],[2019,411.65,0.12],[2020,414.21,0.12],[2021,416.41,0.12],[2022,418.53,0.12],[2023,421.08,0.12],[2024,424.61,0.12],[2025,427.35,0.12]],"summary":[{"label":"Latest annual mean","value":"427.35 ppm (2025)"},{"label":"First annual mean","value":"315.98 ppm (1959)"},{"label":"Net change","value":"+111.37 ppm"},{"label":"Years of record","value":"67"}],"chart":{"xLabel":"Year","yLabel":"ppm","points":[[1959,315.98],[1960,316.91],[1961,317.64],[1962,318.45],[1963,318.99],[1964,319.62],[1965,320.04],[1966,321.37],[1967,322.18],[1968,323.05],[1969,324.62],[1970,325.68],[1971,326.32],[1972,327.46],[1973,329.68],[1974,330.19],[1975,331.13],[1976,332.03],[1977,333.84],[1978,335.41],[1979,336.84],[1980,338.76],[1981,340.12],[1982,341.48],[1983,343.15],[1984,344.87],[1985,346.35],[1986,347.61],[1987,349.31],[1988,351.69],[1989,353.2],[1990,354.45],[1991,355.7],[1992,356.54],[1993,357.21],[1994,358.96],[1995,360.97],[1996,362.74],[1997,363.88],[1998,366.84],[1999,368.54],[2000,369.71],[2001,371.32],[2002,373.45],[2003,375.98],[2004,377.7],[2005,379.98],[2006,382.09],[2007,384.02],[2008,385.83],[2009,387.64],[2010,390.1],[2011,391.85],[2012,394.06],[2013,396.74],[2014,398.81],[2015,401.01],[2016,404.41],[2017,406.76],[2018,408.72],[2019,411.65],[2020,414.21],[2021,416.41],[2022,418.53],[2023,421.08],[2024,424.61],[2025,427.35]]},"chartType":"line"}